interface Archives

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After reading various articles in the media and elsewhere, or examining your competitors’ products – you may start to ponder if the “Internet of Things” really matters. That’s a fair question, and the same can often be asked when a new technology emerges from the horizon. However unlike other changes in technology the leap to an IoT can be considered as revolutionary instead of evolutionary – and thus it does matter.

But why? As mentioned in our previous articles, the ability for something to be connected to the a network is tremendous. With intelligence provided by bespoke hardware at the client side, they can now receive or send data when the device is programmed to do so at an appropriate time. Consider the following examples:

Monitoring temperatures of multiple points in a production facility – No longer do you need to use a wired connection back to the main system – instead each temperature sensor can be equipped with a wireless module and communicate to the server via WiFi. Sensors can be relocated, added, or deleted without the effort to rewire – and with the advances in energy harvesting they can possibly be self-powered. A minimal microcontroller between the sensor and wireless module can also continuously monitor all status and notify the server of an error – and the server can detect a total failure and alert technicians without delay via many channels.

Consumer-device interaction – By now you’ve seen the LED light that can be controlled via a smartphone. However that technology can be utilised in many more ways – imagine if you arrived home at night, and your car communicates with the home system to turn on various lights, HVAC, and even turns on the stereo. Or an alarm system that emails, tweets and texts you images of the room where motion is detected – as well as alerting the authorities.

Upgrading existing M2M connectivity solutions – If you have existing devices that communicate with a server over custom wireless data solutions or expensive GPRS packet-data links – there may be an opportunity to upgrade the communications to IP via WiFi.

For example, if you have twenty vending machines in an airport that has terminal-wide WiFi access – by switching the communications from cellular to WiFi you not only save on line subscription and data charges, you can also interact more easily with the machines for status updates and alerts. Converting equipment to standard wired or wireless IP communciations allows integration with a wide variety of current and future IoT systems giving you flexibility and more possibilities than ever before.

The Internet of Things is important, it does matter – almost anything can communicate with anything or anyone. It’s a simple statement, that describes an almost infinite amount of possibilities. And the race is on to introduce this functionality to existing and new products. Customers are becoming more savvy with the Internet and networking – and understand how it works. By creating solutions that makes life easier, simpler and more convenient for your customers via IoT technology you will be ahead of the pack – to your benefit.

If you want to find out more, move forward with your own designs to make them IoT-ready, or don’t know where to start – partner with an organisation who can pull together the software, hardware and know-how to make it happen – the LX Group.

Here at the LX Group we can discuss and understand your requirements and goals – then help you navigate the varioushardware and other options available to help solve your problems. We can create or tailor just about anything from awireless temperature sensor to a complete Internet-enabled system for you. For more information or a confidential discussion about your ideas and how we can help bring them to life – click here to contact us, or telephone 1800 810 124.

LX is an award-winning electronics design company based in Sydney, Australia. LX services include full turnkey design, electronics, hardware, software and firmware design. LX specialises in embedded systems and wireless technologies design. https://lx-group.com.au

Published by LX Pty Ltd for itself and the LX Group of companies, including LX Design House, LX Solutions and LX Consulting, LX Innovations.

As mentioned in our previous discussion of the 4-20 mA current loop, there are many forms of wired data transmission that can be used in products, and today we’d like to review another form – the Inter-integrated Circuit bus (or I2C bus for short). This is also known as the “two wire interface” and has been around for quite some time. Invented by NXP (previously Philips Semiconductor) the I2C bus is a multi-master serial single-ended data bus used to allow systems to communicate with a huge variety of electronic devices.

From a hardware perspective it is quite simple – each device connects to the serial data and clock lines, which are controlled by the master device. The clock and data lines are connected to Vdd via pull-up resistors, for example:

The master device controls the bus clock and initiates communications with each slave device. Communications are initiated by sending the slave device address – which is unique to each device – and then either data write or request commands. Then the slave device will act upon received data, or broadcase the required number of bytes of data back to the master device.

You may be wondering how the slave addresses are organised – each device manufacturer applies for an address range from NXP for their products. Some devices will only have one set address, and some can have their address altered – for example by changing the last three bits in the binary representation of the addresses. This is done in hardware by connecting three pins to Vdd or GND.

The speed of the I2C bus varies, and can range from 10 kbps to 3.4Mbps – with the speed usually proportional to the total device power requirements. The usual speed for the majority of devices is 100 kbps.

The decision to use the I2C bus can be simple, due to the popularity of the interface even on the most inexpensive of microcontrollers – and many design engineeers are familiar with the bus due to the history.

But what sort of devices can make use of the I2C bus? There are literally thousands available, in a wide range of categories. These can include simple temperature sensors, EEPROMS, motor controllers, LCD interfaces, I/O expanders, real-time clocks, UART interfaces, ADC/DACs, and more.

Apart from the huge range of devices, the advantages of using the I2C bus include industry expertise, the ability to address literally hundreds of devices using only two master I/O pins, and that devices on the bus can be “hot swap” – that is you can add or remove devices from the bus without powering off the entire system. This in itself is perfect for systems with maximum run-time requirements, as technicians can replace faulty device modules with reduced down-time for the end user.

However there are disadvantages to the I2C bus, two of which need to be taken into consideration. The first is that the maximum physical length of a bus run is usually around 20 metres, and in some cases much less. You can use bus extension devices from NXP (and others) that will allow much further physical distances – however designers need to ensure the capacitance across the bus stays at around 400 picofarads.

The second disadvantage is the possibility of slave address clash. You may have two specialised devices with the same slave address. In these situations you need to use an address multiplexer IC on the bus which first needs to be controlled, and then the device selected is addressed as normal. Nevertheless, as part of normal prototyping and planning these disadvantages can be removed or minimised with appropriate engineering.

It can be said that the I2C data bus may not be the “latest technology”, but it can effectively solve problems in the right circumstances. However there are many options, and choosing the right one is a fundamental step for the success of your project. So if your design team is set in their ways, or you’re not sure which data communication method is best for your application – it’s time to discuss this with independent, experienced engineers.

At the LX Group we have experience designing a wide range of data gathering and control systems over short and long distances – and using this experience we can determine the most effective method of returning data and control signals no matter the application or geography. Our engineering team have developed a number of systems in this area and have extensive experience with the core technology requirements of such systems.

We understand the importance of high availability, accuracy and integrity of the systems, combined with the need for future proofing infrastructure rollouts. For more information or a confidential discussion about your ideas and how we can help bring them to life – click here to contact us, or telephone 1800 810 124.

LX is an award-winning electronics design company based in Sydney, Australia. LX services include full turnkey design, electronics, hardware, software and firmware design. LX specialises in embedded systems and wireless technologies design. https://lx-group.com.au Published by LX Pty Ltd for itself and the LX Group of companies, including LX Design House, LX Solutions and LX Consulting, LX Innovations.